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Magnesium Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men and Women
June 25th, 2010 | 
Author: OBJECTIVE—To examine the association between magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We followed 85,060 women and 42,872 men who had no history of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer at baseline. Magnesium intake was evaluated using a validated food frequency questionnaire every 2–4 years. After 18 years of follow-up in women and 12 years in men, we documented 4,085 and 1,333 incident cases of type 2 diabetes, respectively.
RESULTS—After adjusting for age, BMI, physical activity, family history of diabetes, smoking, alcohol consumption, and history of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia at baseline, the relative risk (RR) of type 2 diabetes was 0.66 (95% CI 0.60–0.73; P for trend <0.001) in women and 0.67 (0.56–0.80; P for trend <0.001) in men, comparing the highest with the lowest quintile of total magnesium intake. The RRs remained significant after additional adjustment for dietary variables, including glycemic load, polyunsaturated fat, trans fat, cereal fiber, and processed meat in the multivariate models. The inverse association persisted in subgroup analyses according to BMI, physical activity, and family history of diabetes.
CONCLUSIONS—Our findings suggest a significant inverse association between magnesium intake and diabetes risk. This study supports the dietary recommendation to increase consumption of major food sources of magnesium, such as whole grains, nuts, and green leafy vegetables.
Type 2 diabetes is on track to become one of the major global public health challenges of the 21st century (1). Primary prevention remains the major strategy to control this worldwide epidemic.
Modification of western diet and lifestyles is effective in preventing diabetes in high-risk populations (2). The western diet is characterized by high intake of saturated and trans fats and refined grains and low intakes of whole grains, vegetables, and fiber, resulting in low micronutrient intake (3). Few studies have addressed the association between specific micronutrient components of western diets and diabetes risk.
Magnesium is an important component of many unprocessed foods, such as whole grains, nuts, and green leafy vegetables, and it is largely lost during the processing of some foods (4). The overprocessing of food and adoption of western diets have contributed to the substantially reduced magnesium intake in industrialized countries during the last century.
Hypomagnesemia is a common feature in patients with type 2 diabetes (5). Although diabetes can induce hypomagnesemia, magnesium deficiency has also been proposed as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes (6). Magnesium is a necessary cofactor for several enzymes that play an important role in glucose metabolism (7). Animal studies (8,9) have shown that magnesium deficiency has a negative effect on the post-receptor signaling of insulin. Some short-term metabolic studies (10,11) suggest that magnesium supplementation has a beneficial effect on insulin action and glucose metabolism.
In our previous analyses of dietary factors and diabetes based on limited follow-up (12–14), we found an inverse association between magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes. However, these analyses did not fully control for other confounding factors and were limited in power to evaluate the association in subgroups. Two other prospective studies (15,16) have specifically evaluated this association, with contradictory results. The purpose of this analysis, with longer follow-up and more incident cases, was to prospectively evaluate the association between magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in two large cohorts of women and men.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The characteristics of the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and the Health Professionals’ Follow-up Study (HPFS) have been described elsewhere (17,18). Briefly, the NHS was initiated in 1976, when 121,700 female registered nurses, aged 30–55 years, completed a mailed questionnaire on their medical history and lifestyle characteristics. Every 2 years, follow-up questionnaires have been sent to update information on potential risk factors and identify newly diagnosed cases of diabetes and other chronic diseases. The HPFS began in 1986 when 51,529 U.S. health professionals, aged 40–75 years, answered a detailed questionnaire on lifestyle and medical history. Similar to the NHS, this cohort has been followed through biennial questionnaires. In both cohorts, the response rate to the follow-up questionnaires has exceeded 90%.
Diet was first evaluated in 1980 in the NHS and in 1986 in the HPFS. Repeated dietary assessments have been carried out every 2–4 years. From participants who returned the baseline dietary questionnaire, we excluded those who had >10 blanks in food items or did not satisfy our a priori criteria of plausible daily caloric intake. For this analysis, we also excluded participants who at baseline reported history of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer. These exclusions left 85,060 women followed over 18 years (1980–1998) and 42,872 men followed over 12 years (1986–1998) for the present analysis.
Magnesium intake
In the NHS, a 61-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to collect dietary information in 1980. In 1984, the questionnaire was expanded to 131 items. Similar FFQs were used to update diet in subsequent follow-up in the NHS (1986, 1990, 1994, and 1998) and the HPFS (1986, 1990, 1994, and 1998). In the FFQ, a common unit or portion size for each food was specified and participants were asked how often they had consumed that amount on average during the previous year. The nine responses ranged from “never or less than once per month” to “six or more times per day.” Nutrient intake was computed by multiplying the frequency of consumption of each food by the nutrient content of the specified portions. Composition values for dietary magnesium and other nutrients were obtained from the Harvard University Food Composition Database (22 November 1993), derived from U.S. Department of Agriculture sources (19), and supplemented with manufacturer information. A detailed description of dietary questionnaires and their validity in these cohorts have been published elsewhere (20,21). Correlation coefficients between FFQ and dietary record for magnesium intake were 0.76 in women and 0.66 in men after within-person variation was taken into account.
Use of specific brand and type of multivitamins was ascertained at baseline and updated every 2 years, asking current users about weekly number of multivitamins taken. This information was included in total magnesium intake computation. Questions on separate magnesium supplements were first asked in 1984 in the NHS and in 1986 in the HPFS, with information updated at least every 4 years. Although we did not have information on the exact magnesium content of these supplements, we estimated the content based on the most frequently used magnesium supplements on the market in the year of the questionnaires and used that amount for the calculation of total magnesium intake. In a separate analysis, we examined the association between magnesium supplement use and diabetes risk.
Measurement of nondietary factors
In both cohorts, body weight was self-reported on baseline questionnaires and updated every 2 years. In validation studies, self-reported weights were highly correlated with measured weights (22). In the NHS, to be consistent with the baseline evaluation, we used the cumulative average of hours per week spent in moderate to vigorous activity. In the HPFS, we had detailed information on the hours per week spent in leisure-time physical activities since baseline and through follow-up. We calculated total weekly energy expenditure from physical activity expressed as metabolic equivalents (METs). The validity and reproducibility of the physical activity questionnaires have been previously documented in these cohorts (23,24). Every 2 years, we updated participants’ smoking status (past, current, and number of cigarettes per day if smoking currently). Family history of diabetes (in first-degree relatives) was assessed on multiple occasions in both cohorts. We inquired about physician-diagnosed hypertension and high cholesterol every 2 years; these self-reports were highly accurate compared with medical records in a validation study (25).
Ascertainment of diabetes
On each biennial questionnaire, we asked the participants if and when they had ever been diagnosed with diabetes. To confirm self-reported diagnoses, we mailed a supplementary questionnaire regarding symptoms, diagnostic tests, and therapy. After excluding participants with type 1 and secondary diabetes, the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes was established when at least one of the following criteria was reported in the supplementary questionnaire: 1) at least one classic symptom of type 2 diabetes and elevated plasma glucose (≥140 mg/dl [7.8 mmol/l] fasting or ≥200 mg/dl [11.1 mmol/l] random measure), 2) elevated plasma glucose concentrations on at least two different occasions in the absence of symptoms, or 3) treatment with hypoglycemic therapy (insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents). These criteria accord with those proposed by the National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG). The new guidelines from the American Diabetes Association (ADA) for diagnosing diabetes (fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dl [7.0 mmol/l]) were announced in June 1997 (26) and have been incorporated into the confirmation and documentation of diabetes in subsequent follow-up in both cohorts.
The validity of the method for confirming type 2 diabetes by supplementary questionnaire using the NDDG criteria has been previously documented in these cohorts (27,28). To document the reliability of reports of diabetes in the most recent cycle (1996–1998), an additional validation study was carried out only in the NHS. In this study, we reviewed medical records in two separate groups: women who satisfied NDDG criteria by the supplementary questionnaire and women who satisfied only ADA criteria (fasting plasma glucose between 126 and 139 mg/dl). Medical record review confirmed the diagnosis of diabetes by NDDG criteria in 94 of 95 (98.9%) subjects for the former group. The number of women reporting that they met ADA but not NDDG criteria was small (<5% of cases in this cycle); medical record review confirmed the diagnosis of diabetes by ADA criteria in all but one person, thus confirming its validity using the new criteria.
Statistical analysis
Person-time of follow-up for each participant was computed from the date of return of the baseline questionnaire (1980 for women and 1986 for men) to either the date of diabetes diagnosis, death, or the end of follow-up (January 1998 for HPFS or July 1998 for NHS), whichever occurred first.
In the primary analysis, participants were divided into quintiles of total magnesium intake (including magnesium from multivitamins), and incidence rates were calculated as the number of events divided by total person-time in each quintile. The relative risks (RRs) were computed as the incidence rates of diabetes in each category of magnesium intake divided by the incidence rate in the lowest quintile of intake (reference group).
To reduce within-person variation and best represent the long-term effects of magnesium intake, we calculated the cumulative average intake of magnesium from all the dietary questionnaires available up to the start of each 2-year period (29). For example, for men, to model diabetes incidence in the 1988–1990 period, we used the 1986 magnesium intake and for the 1990–1992 period, we used the average of 1986 and 1990 intakes. We also conducted a secondary analysis using baseline magnesium intake only.
Cox proportional hazards models stratified by age and time period were used in all multivariate analyses to estimate RRs. To control for multiple confounders, we adjusted for history of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia at baseline and biennially updated information on smoking status, BMI (in eight categories), level of physical activity, family history of diabetes (first-degree relatives), and alcohol intake (four categories). We also adjusted for several dietary variables (30), including glycemic load and intakes of cereal fiber, polyunsaturated fat, trans fat, and processed meat, all in quintiles. Finally, we performed stratified analyses according to levels of BMI, physical activity, and family history of diabetes.
All P values were two sided. Tests for trend were conducted using the median value for each quintile of magnesium intake analyzed as a continuous variable in the regression models. Likelihood ratio χ2 was used to assess the significance of the interactions between magnesium intake and the variables used in the stratified models. All analyses were done with SAS version 8.2 (SAS, Cary, NC).
RESULTS
At baseline, compared with those in the lowest quintile of magnesium intake, both women (in 1980) and men (in 1986) with higher intakes of magnesium tended to be leaner, more physically active, and more likely to take multivitamins and magnesium supplements (Table 1). Magnesium intake was positively associated with intakes of fiber and inversely associated with intakes of fat and processed meat. Averaged over the entire follow-up, the median intake (min-max) of magnesium was 290 mg/day (79–1,110 mg/day) in women and 349 mg/day (102–1,593 mg/day) in men.
During a follow-up of 18 years in the NHS (1,456,362 person-years) and 12 years in men (472,730 person-years), we documented 4,085 incident cases of type 2 diabetes in women and 1,333 in men. After adjusting for age and total energy intake (Table 2), we observed a significant inverse association between magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in both cohorts, with RRs (95% CIs) comparing the top versus bottom quintiles of 0.55 (0.50–0.61) and 0.56 (0.47–0.67) in women and men, respectively. After additional adjustment for BMI, the RRs were somewhat attenuated in both cohorts. However, the RRs were practically unchanged after further adjustment for other nondietary covariates. The RRs remained significant after the addition of dietary variables in the multivariate models. Further adjustment for caffeine slightly attenuated the association between magnesium intake and diabetes risk. The RRs (95% CIs) between extreme quintiles was 0.83 (0.73–0.95) in women and 0.76 (0.61–0.94) in men. Moreover, the adjustment for other minerals, such as calcium, potassium, and phosphorous, did not change the estimate of the association among women (RR comparing extreme quintiles 0.74 [0.63–0.88]), and the inverse association for magnesium was stronger among men (0.62 [0.48–0.81]). Analyses with the single baseline diet assessment instead of updated cumulative average of repeated measurements yielded similar results: 0.79 (0.71–0.88) in women and 0.73 (0.60–0.90) in men. Excluding participants with a history of hypertension or hypercholesterolemia at baseline, using only symptomatic or nonsymptomatic cases as an outcome, or modeling dietary rather than total magnesium intake did not materially change the results. Finally, the inclusion of diuretic use in the final model did not modify our results.
As shown in Table 3, the inverse association was persistent in subgroup analysis according to BMI, physical activity, and family history of diabetes. We did not identify any significant interactions between magnesium intake and these covariates. The inverse association was also similar between drinkers and nondrinkers and between participants with or without hypertension (data not shown).
Finally, we assessed the association between magnesium supplements and risk of type 2 diabetes. The proportion taking magnesium supplements in the entire follow-up period was 3.1% in women and 3.6% in men. There were relatively few cases in the supplement user group (111 in women and 52 in men). We found a significant inverse association in the age-adjusted model only in women (RR 0.82, 95% CI [0.68–0.99] in women and 1.01 [0.76–1.33] in men). However, in the multivariate models, we found no statistical association between use of magnesium supplements and diabetes risk in both women and men: 0.93 (0.77–1.12) and 1.07 (0.81–1.41), respectively. The use of multivitamins was not significantly associated with diabetes risk.
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CONCLUSIONS
In these two large prospective studies, we observed a consistent inverse association between magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women. This association was independent of other risk factors for type 2 diabetes, including several dietary factors. Moreover, the inverse association with magnesium intake was consistent across different subgroups defined by the main predictors of type 2 diabetes, such as BMI, physical activity, and family history of diabetes.
The prospective design reduces the possibility of recall and selection bias, and the high rate of follow-up reduces bias due to loss to follow-up. Another advantage is that diet was assessed multiple times during follow-up, which not only reduces measurement error (29), but also takes into account changes in eating behaviors.
Our study has several limitations. Given the size of these cohorts, screening for blood glucose was not feasible, thus some cases of diabetes may have been undiagnosed. However, our validation study showed that undiagnosed diabetes was rare in our cohort because the participants are health professionals (31). It is possible that participants with “unhealthy” diets are more likely to be screened for diabetes. However, the analysis using only symptomatic cases did not substantially change our results, arguing against surveillance bias. On the other hand, the diagnostic criteria for type 2 diabetes were changed in 1997 such that lower plasma glucose levels would now be considered diagnostic. If these criteria were used since baseline, some noncases would have been reclassified as cases. However, this would bias the estimates toward the null.
The inverse association between magnesium intake and diabetes risk was observed in all multivariate models, including the main dietary and nondietary risk factors for diabetes. Moreover, the observed association was consistent within different subgroups, which further supports the idea that confounding by these factors was unlikely to explain our results. However, the effects of residual confounding cannot be completely ruled out in observational studies.
Besides earlier analyses within the NHS and HPFS (12–14), which were consistent with our present results, two other large prospective studies have specifically explored the association between magnesium intake and type 2 diabetes risk. Findings in older women (15) were very similar to our results, with an RR comparing extreme quintiles of 0.76 (95% CI 0.62–0.95) in a multivariate model, including whole grain and cereal fiber. In the other study, Kao et al. (16) found an inverse association between serum magnesium levels and type 2 diabetes, but did not find a significant association between dietary magnesium and subsequent incidence of diabetes. Unlike our study, both of the other studies used only single baseline dietary assessment.
Several experimental studies suggest a protective role of magnesium intake against diabetes. Using a rat model of spontaneous type 2 diabetes, Balon et al. (32) demonstrated a significant reduction in the incidence of diabetes after 7 weeks of feeding with a magnesium-rich diet. In humans, some (11,33,34) but not all (35–37) experimental studies have shown benefits of magnesium supplements on glucose metabolism and/or insulin sensitivity. Some of the inconsistencies among these studies can be explained by differences in treatment periods, doses of magnesium, and parameters used to evaluate the effect. Moreover, most of these studies have been conducted on diabetic subjects, in whom the underlying insulin resistance could interfere with magnesium uptake at the cellular level (38). In one study (11), elderly nondiabetic subjects participated in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study comparing magnesium supplements (4.5 g/day) versus placebo during 4 weeks. This study showed a beneficial effect on insulin response to glucose and insulin action. Whether long-term magnesium supplementation decreases the risk for type 2 diabetes in the general population is unclear, and the hypothesis merits testing in clinical trials. In our observational analysis, magnesium supplement use was not significantly associated with diabetes risk in multivariate models. However, the power of our study was limited by the low prevalence of magnesium supplement use in these cohorts.
Several mechanisms, including insulin secretion, binding, and action, have been proposed to explain the effect of intracellular or plasma magnesium on diabetes pathogenesis (6). Intracellular magnesium is a critical cofactor for several enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism, especially those involved in phosphorylation reactions such as tyrosine-kinase. In animal models (9), hypomagnesemia induced by low magnesium intake triggers severe insulin resistance, which was shown to be partially dependent on deficient tyrosine-kinase activity on the post-receptor pathway of insulin in muscle cells. In healthy humans, a study of short-term low magnesium diet (39) showed that it reduced serum and intracellular magnesium and produced insulin resistance, using a minimal model. Consistent with the effect of magnesium on insulin resistance, Fung et al. (40) found an inverse association between magnesium intake and fasting insulin level, a good marker of insulin resistance, in a cross-sectional sample of the NHS.
Higher magnesium intake is likely more beneficial among individuals with some degree of magnesium deficiency. However, there is no generally accepted test for magnesium status. Also, our subgroup analysis suggests that higher magnesium consumption is likely beneficial for all groups, regardless of their BMI, physical activity levels, and hypertension status.
In conclusion, these two large prospective cohorts provide strong and consistent evidence to support an inverse association between magnesium intake and diabetes risk. The effect of magnesium supplementation in general or high-risk populations requires further research, ideally in randomized clinical trials. This study supports the dietary recommendation to increase consumption of major food sources of magnesium, such as whole grains, nuts, and green leafy vegetables.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported in part by National Institutes of Health Grants nos. CA55075, HL35464, CA87969, and DK58845 and by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases training grant no. DK07703. R.L.-R. is also supported by a scholarship from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), Mexico.
1. Ruy Lopez-Ridaura, MD1,
2. Walter C. Willett, MD123,
3. Eric B. Rimm, SCD123,
4. Simin Liu, MD34,
5. Meir J. Stampfer, MD123,
6. JoAnn E. Manson, MD234 and
7. Frank B. Hu, MD123
+ Author Affiliations
1.
1Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
2.
2Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
3.
3Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
4.
4Division of Preventive Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
1. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Ruy Lopez-Ridaura, MD, Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02215. E-mail: rlopez@hsph.harvard.edu
http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/27/1/134.full
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Magnesium and Muscle Cramps
Leg cramps are sudden, involuntary contractions of the calf muscles or muscles in the soles of the feet that occur during the night or while at rest. The cramps can affect people in any age group.
There may be various causes for this to happen. Scientific research has not identified a precise reason for muscle cramps. However, it may be due to the nerves controlling the muscles rather than the muscles themselves.
Leg cramps can be caused by over-exertion of the muscles, structural disorders ( such as flat feet), prolonged sitting, standing on hard surface, or dehydration. Less common causes include diabetes, hypoglycemia, anaemia, thyroid and endocrine dysfunction, Parkinson’s and certain medications.
Low levels of certain minerals acting as electrolytes in the body – they include magnesium, potassium, sodium and calcium – have long been linked to leg cramps. It especially affects long-distance runners and cyclists. Diuretics can also cause leg cramps. Pregnant women are also more susceptible to leg cramps.
To prevent cramps from happening, consider a regular use of supplements, especially magnesium and potassium. Sodium levels have to be monitored too in people engaged in strenuous activities, or those who lose a lot of fluids in a short period of time (e.g. in cases of diarrhoea, vomiting).
“Canadian doctors have found that magnesium supplements can alleviate muscle cramps. In severe cases, magnesium has been provided intravenously and this has led to relief of symptoms within 24 hours. Many cases of muscle cramps are caused by low concentrations of magnesium in the blood which can The reason why it helps is due to diuretic medications or strenuous exercise. When taken orally, it seems that magnesium glucoheptonate or magnesium gluconate work best”. Bilbey ,Douglas L, Prabhakaran V.M. Muscle cramps and magnesium deficiency: case reports. Canadian Family Physician. July http://www.internethealthlibrary.com/Health-problems/Muscle%20cramps%20-%20researchDiet&Lifestyle.htm
“Interrelationship of magnesium and estrogen in cardiovascular and bone disorders, eclampsia, migraine and premenstrual syndrome.
The anticonvulsive and antihypertensive values of magnesium (Mg) in eclampsia, and its antiarrhythmic applications in a variety of cardiac diseases, have caused Mg to be considered only for parenteral administration by many physicians. In contrast, nutritionists have long recognized Mg as an essential nutrient, because severe deficiencies elicit neuromuscular manifestations similar to those justifying its use in eclampsia. More recently, this element has been used to favorably influence latent tetany with and without thrombotic complications, to delay preterm birth, to influence premenstrual syndrome, and to ameliorate migraine headaches. Most of these disorders exclusively or largely afflict women. The lesions of arteries and heart caused by experimental Mg deficiency have been well documented and may contribute to human cardiovascular disease. Estrogen’s enhancement of Mg utilization and uptake by soft tissues and bone may explain resistance of young women to heart disease and osteoporosis, as well as increased prevalence of these diseases when estrogen secretion ceases. However, estrogen-induced shifts of Mg can be deleterious when estrogen levels are high and Mg intake is sub-optimal. The resultant lowering of blood Mg can increase the Ca/Mg ratio, thus favoring coagulation. With Ca supplementation in the face of commonly low Mg intake, risk of thrombosis increases”. Seelig-MS J-Am-Coll-Nutr. 1993 Aug; 12(4): 442-58
http://www.mdschoice.com/text/abstracts/Magnesium/magosteo.htm
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Shouder and neck pain relieved by magnesium oil
A few days ago I started having a burning sensation in my shoulders and neck. I think a lot of people who spend a considerable amount of time in the same position will know the feeling. In my case it is a computer-related problem – hours of sitting in the same position is certainly not helping. I also have a bad tension in the area. Tried to massage the area – with no lasting result. Then I reached for magnesium oil and applied it on the area by hand. Within about 20 minutes the pain started to go away, and by night there was considerable improvement in how I felt – the pain was almost gone. Eager to reinforce the benefits, I applied more product for the night. In the morning I felt even better. It has been good since then – I applied magnesium oil for about 3 days.
The only “side-effect” which I did not like was that the area suffered a bad outbreak of spots. However, my view on this is positive. I see it as an indicator that the toxins under the skin found their way onto the surface with the general relaxation of the tissues in the area, and hence the spots/ rash. It is now going away to my delight.
Some of my clients have mentioned the spots to me too. In some cases it may be due to a skin sensitivity, and to them I would suggest adding some water to magnesium oil (perhaps 1 part water to 2 parts magnesium oil). In most cases it will be a sign of the skin performing its excretory function to get rid of toxins. So bear with it – t is well worth the temporary discomfort should you experience it!
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Bishofit – Magnesium Oil from Russia
Bishofit is a name for magnesium chloride salt which was formed millions of years ago as a result of evaporation of ancient seas. It lies deep underground – and is obtained by dissolving the crystals in water and pumping up the saturated solution. In this respect Bishofit has the same origin as Zechstein magnesium. It owes its name to a German chemist Gustav Bischof who first discovered underground deposits of magnesium chloride in 19th century.
The main constituent of Bishofit in its liquid form is Magnesium Chloride hexahydrate, some calcium sulphate, calcium chloride, calcium hydrocarbonate, sodium chloride, and of course water, with the overall mineral content of 400-450g per 1 litre of water. Additionally, Bishofit contains sodium, iodine, iron, bromide, silica, molybdenum, titanium, lithium, as well as traces of almost all the chemical elements of the Periodic Table.
Healing Properties of Bishofit
People have known about the healing properties of Bishofit for a long time and have been using it to treat muscle cramps, aches and pains, to calm nerves, relax, etc. It is widely used in balneology due to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect to treat osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, lumbago, and other conditions of the Musculo-skeletal and Nervous systems. It is also used to treat nervous tension, stress, a variety of skin conditions and a number of other problems.
Bishofit (Magnesium Chloride solution) is widely used in medicine for a number of pharmacological properties.
It has been found to:
* Stimulate protein/fat metabolism
* Reduce inflammation by lowering the levels of histamine and serotonin (mediators of inflammation)
* Speed up rehabilitation processes in the body
* Increase testosterone levels and sperm production
* Increase metabolic rate
* Strengthen immunity
* Slow down ageing
* Reduce cholesterol levels in the blood
* Improve the functioning of the Musculo-Skeletal system
* Reduce blood pressure
* Reduce symptoms of hay fever and allergies
* Significantly reduce heart disease and mortality
* Lower the incidence of cancers
* Improve the functioning of the Nervous System
* Reduce the effects of stress
* Increase phagocytosis
* Speed up tissue regeneration
* Improve skin condition
* Help with respiratory conditions, such as bronchitis, asthma, whooping-cough,
chronic respiratory complaints.
It has been proved to be a:
* Sedative
* Anti-inflammatory
* Bactericidal / fungicidal
* Improve micro-circulation
* Analgesic
* Immune regulator
The scientists of the Volgograd Medical Academy have been working on the research of Bishofit for over 20 years. The mineral has been approved in Russia as a balneological remedy. Considering the wide use of Bishofit in the treatment of various ailments in Russia, as well as its close similarity to a variety of medical products, a number of balneological products based on Bishofit have been developed. Russian scientists are working on pharmacological preparations based on Bishofit.
Physical Properties & Chemical Composition of the Bishofit solution (Volgograd, Russia)
Density, g/l – 1.320-1.330
ρН – 7.8
Mineral content, g/l – 400-450
Salt content ( %) in dry matter:
Mg Cl2× 6H2O – 90-96
Mg SO4× H2O – 0.1-2.5
Mg(HCO3)2
MgBr2 – 0.4-0.95
NaCl – 0.1-0.4
CaCl2
CaBr2
CaSO4 – 0.1-0.7
KCl× MgCl2× 6H2O – 0.1-5.5
Microelements (%):
Fe – 0.003-0.03
Bi – 0.0005-0.001
Mo – 0.0005-0.001
B – 0.002-0.08
Al – 0.001-0.02
Ti – 0.0005-0.001
Cu – 0.0001-0.0006
Si – 0.02-0.2
Ba – 0.0001-0.0006
Sr – 0.001-0.02
Co – 0.003-0.005
Rb – 0.0001-0.002
Cs – 0.0001-0.001
Li – 0.0001-0.0003
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Magnesium and Blood Pressure – Animal studies.
Magnesium and blood pressure. I. Animal studies.
Rayssiguier Y, Mbega JD, Durlach V, Gueux E, Durlach J, Giry J, Dalle M, Mazur A, Laurant P, Berthelot A.
Laboratoire des Maladies Métaboliques, INRA, Centre de Recherches de Clermont-Ferrand/Theix, France.
Abstract
The relationship between experimental magnesium deficiency and blood pressure is complex and still the subject of much debate. The effect of Mg deficiency and blood pressure in Wistar rats receiving a Mg deficient diet (0.080 g/kg) for 40 weeks was examined. Deficient rats, when compared to controls, showed an initial transitory phase of hypotension, followed by normalization of blood pressure and then hypertension beginning after 15 weeks on the deficient diet. During the whole experimental period, heart rate was significantly increased in deficient rats as compared to controls. The fact that hypotension resulting from Mg deficiency of short duration can be inhibited by antihistamines and by indomethacin suggests that various mediators seen during the inflammatory period of Mg deficiency could be involved. Mg deficiency of long duration was accompanied by hypertension. When Mg-deficient rats received the control diet for a period of 3 weeks, Mg supplementation only partially corrected the hypertension. The hypertension was not a consequence of stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system since the plasma renin activity was not modified and ACE activity was reduced. These deficient rats showed a significantly lower vasopressor response to noradrenaline than control rats. Several factors such as increase in collagen, changes in elastin and arterial elasticity, total lipid content, and calcifications may account for the hyporesponsiveness to contractile agonists.
PMID: 1390007 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1390007
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Food Allergies and Chemical Sensitivities Linked to Magnesium Deficiency
“Allergies and Chemical Sensitivities
Adelle Davis, writing in Let’s Have Healthy Children
In the book Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine, the authors note that food allergies are usually associated with low hydrochloric acid levels and poor digestion. The authors’ rationale for this is that low stomach acid leaves food undigested and fermenting in the intestinal tract. This fermentation causes gas, bloating and stomach upset, the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Undigested and fermented food causes the body to raise histamine levels, which produce allergic reactions. This is why people take antihistamines for allergies, to lower histamine levels. Interestingly, Mg is needed to reduce histamine levels.
Low stomach acid levels reduce levels of beneficial intestinal bacteria which is needed for absorption of magnesium. When lab rats are deprived of magnesium, a wide variety of studies have noted that they develop allergy like symptoms. Their ears turn red and they develop skin problems. Rats with magnesium deficiencies have increases in histamine levels. They also have raised levels of white blood cell counts. Mg deficiency has been implicated in allergies and allergic skin reaction in many studies on humans, too. Variations of allergies, skin allergies, and raised white blood cells have all been noted as features of many chronic disorders.
People with chemical sensitivities also commonly have other conditions linked to Mg deficits such as allergies, fibromyalgia, mitral valve prolapse and anxiety disorders. They also tend to have temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ), which has been linked to abnormalities of hyaluronic acid. Perhaps not coincidentally, hyaluronic acid is dependent upon magnesium for its synthesis.
Asthma is has been linked to Mg deficiencies in a wide variety of studies. Asthma and allergies not only frequently occur together, but they frequently occur together along with gastrointestinal upset in many chronic disorders including Mitral Valve Prolapse syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Gastrointestinal upset is often a sign of malabsorption problems, which can be a cause of nutritional deficiencies.”
http://www.ctds.info/5_13_magnesium.html
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Magnesium Deficiency Linked to Allergies
The following study has established a direct link between high histamine levels and acute magensium deficiency in rats:
“Drug Nutr Interact. 1987;5(2):89-96.
Specific change of histamine metabolism in acute magnesium-deficient young rats.
Nishio A, Ishiguro S, Miyao N.
Abstract
The effects of dietary magnesium (Mg) deficiency on histamine metabolism were studied. Young Wistar rats were fed a Mg-deficient diet (0.001% Mg diet) ad libitum for 8 days with control groups (0.07% Mg diet), food-restricted groups (0.21% Mg diet, but restricted to 5 g/rat/day), and refeeding groups (0.001% Mg diet for 6 days ad libitum, after that fed with a 0.21% Mg diet ad libitum for 2 days). Compared to the other groups, the plasma Mg level was markedly lower in the Mg-deficient group. A return from the lower Mg level to the controls took place after feeding them a 0.21% Mg diet for 2 days. Urinary histamine level increased rapidly after 4 days and reached a maximum on the eighth day of Mg deficiency. The high urinary histamine level in Mg-deficient rats decreased rapidly after feeding them a 0.21% Mg diet for 2 days. Histamine contents in some tissues increased on the eighth day of Mg deficiency. Other groups showed no significant change. The increased histamine content in Mg-deficient rats showed a tendency to return to control levels after feeding them a 0.21% Mg diet for 2 days. Histidine decarboxylase (HDC) activity in some tissues of Mg-deficient rats increased markedly. The increased HDC activity dropped nearly to control levels after feeding them a 0.21% Mg diet for 2 days. Diamine oxidase (DAO) activity in the duodenum was high in control rats. Duodenal DAO activity decreased gradually and reached half the value of controls on the eighth day of Mg deficiency.
PMID: 3111814 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]”
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3111814?dopt=Abstract
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Magnesium in the management of asthma
Harari M, Barzillai R, Shani J.
The recognition of asthma as an inflammatory disease has led over the past 20 years to a major shift in its pharmacotherapy. The previous emphasis on using relatively short-acting agents for relieving bronchospasms and for removing bronchial mucus has shifted toward long-term strategies with the use of inhaled corticosteroids, which successfully prevent and abolish airway inflammation. Because some of the biological, chemical, and immunological processes that characterize asthma also underlie arthritis and other inflammatory diseases, and because many of these conditions have been successfully treated for the past 40 years at the Dead Sea, we were not surprised to realize and record the significant improvement of asthmatic condition after a 4-week stay at the Dead Sea: lung function was improved, the number and severity of attacks was reduced, and the efficacy of beta2-agonist treatments was improved. After reviewing the acute and chronic treatments of asthma in the clinic (including emergency rooms) with magnesium compounds, and the use of such salts as supplementary agents in respiratory diseases, we suggest that the improvement in the asthmatic condition at the Dead Sea may be due to absorption of this element through the skin and via the lungs, and due to its involvement in anti-inflammatory and vasodilatatory processes”.
Abstract from a scientific study at DMZ Rehabilitation Clinic, Ein-Bokek, The Dead Sea, Israel)
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MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASES
By Raul Vergini, M.D.
Back in 1915, a French surgeon, Prof. Pierre Delbet, M.D., was looking for a solution to cleanse wounds, because he had found out that the traditional antiseptic solutions actually mortified tissues and facilitated the infection instead of preventing it.
He tested several mineral solutions and discovered that a Magnesium Chloride solution was not only harmless for tissues, but it had also a great effect over leucocytic activity and phagocytosis; so it was perfect for external wounds treatment.
Dr. Delbet performed a lot of in vitro and in vivo experiments with this solution and he became aware that it was good not only for external applications, but it was also a powerful immuno-stimulant if taken by injections or even by mouth. He called this effect “cytophilaxis”. In some in vivo experiments it was able to increase phagocytosis rate up to 300%. Dr. Delbet serendipitously discovered that this oral solution had also a tonic effect on many people and so became aware that the Magnesium Chloride had an effect on the whole organism.
In a brief time, he received communications of very good therapeutics effects of this “therapy” from people that were taking Magnesium Chloride for its tonic properties and who were suffering from various ailments.
Prof. Delbet began to closely study the subject and verified that the Magnesium Chloride solution was a very good therapy for a long list of diseases.
He obtained very good results in: colitis, angiocholitis and cholecystitis in the digestive apparatus; Parkinson’s Disease, senile tremors and muscular cramps in the nervous system; acne, eczema, psoriasis, warts, itch of various origins and chilblains in the skin. There was a strengthening of hair and nails, a good effect on diseases typical of the aged (impotency, prostatic hypertrophy, cerebral and circulatory troubles) and on diseases of allergic origin (hay-fever, asthma, urticaria and anaphylactic reactions).
Then Prof. Delbet began to investigate the relationship between Magnesium and Cancer. After a lot of clinical and experimental studies, he found that Magnesium Chloride had a very good effect on prevention of cancer and that it was able to cure several precancerous conditions: leucoplasia, hyperkeratosis, chronic mastitis, etc.
Epidemiological studies confirmed Delbet’s views and demonstrated that the regions with soil more rich in magnesium had less cancer incidence, and vice versa.
In experimental studies, the Magnesium Chloride solution was also able to slow down the course of cancer in laboratory animals.
Prof. Delbet wrote two books, Politique Preventive du Cancer (1944) and L’Agriculture et la Santé (1945), in which he stated his ideas about cancer prevention and a better living. The first is a well documented report of all his studies on Magnesium Chloride.
In 1943 another French doctor, A. Neveu, M.D., used the Magnesium Chloride solution in a case of diphteria to reduce the risks of anaphylactic reaction due to the anti-diphteric serum that he was ready to administer.
To his great surprise, when the next day the laboratory results confirmed the diagnosis of diphteria, the little girl was completely cured, before he could use the serum.
He credited the immuno-stimulant activity to the solution for this result, and he tested it in some other diphteric patients. All the patients were cured in a very short time (24-48 hours), with no after-effects. As Magnesium Chloride has no direct effect on bacteria (i.e.it is not an antibiotic ), Neveu thought that its action was a specific, immuno-enhancing, so it could be useful, in the same manner, also against viral diseases.
So he began to treat some cases of poliomyelitis, and had the same wonderful results. He was very excited and tried to divulge the therapy, but he ran into a wall of hostility and obstructionism from “Official Medicine”. Neither Neveu or Delbet (who was a member of the Academy of Medicine) was able to diffuse Neveu’s extraordinary results. The opposition was total: Professors of Medicine, Medical Peer-Reviews, the Academy itself, all were against the two doctors. “Official Medicine” saw in Magnesium Chloride Therapy a threat to its new and growing business: vaccinations.
Dr. Neveu wasn’t discouraged by this and continued to test this therapy in a wide range of diseases. He obtained very good results in: pharyngitis, tonsillitis, hoarseness, common cold, influenza, asthma, bronchitis, broncho-pneumonia, pulmonary emphysema, “children diseases” (whooping-cough, measles, rubella, mumps, scarlet fever…), alimentary and professional poisonings, gastroenteritis, boils, abscesses, erysipelas, whitlow, septic pricks (wounds), puerperal fever and osteomyelitis. But the indications for Magnesium Chloride therapy don’t end here.
In more recent years other physicians (and I among these) have verified many of Delbet’s and Neveu’s applications and have tried the therapy in other pathologies: asthmatic acute attack, shock, tetanus (for these the solution is administered by intravenous injection); herpes zoster, acute and chronic conjunctivitis, optic neuritis, rheumatic diseases, many allergic diseases, spring-asthenia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (even in cancer it can be an useful adjuvant).
The preceding lists of ailments are by no means exhaustive; maybe other illnesses can be treated with this therapy but, as this is a relatively “young” treatment, we are pioneers, and we need the help of all physicians of good will to definitely establish all the true possibilities of this wonderful therapy.
From a practical standpoint, please remember that only Magnesium CHLORIDE has this “cytophylactic” activity, and no other magnesium salt; probably it’s a molecular, and not a merely ionic, matter.
The solution to be used is a 2.5% Magnesium Chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2-6H2O) solution (i.e.: 25 grams / 1 liter of water).
Dosages are as follows:
– Adults and children over 5 years old………………..125 cc
- 4 year old children……………………………………….100 cc
- 3 year old children…………………………………………80 cc
- 1-2 year old children………………………………………60 cc
- over 6 months old children………………………………30 cc
- under 6 months old children…………………………….15 cc
These doses must be administered BY MOUTH. The only contraindication to Magnesium Chloride Therapy is a severe renal insufficiency. As the magnesium chloride has a mild laxative effect, diarrhea sometimes appears on the first days of therapy, especially when high dosages (i.e. three doses a day) are taken; but this is not a reason to stop the therapy.
The taste of the solution is not very good (it has a bitter-saltish flavor) so a little of fruit juice (grapefruit, orange, lemon) can be added to the solution, or it can be even used in the place of water to make the solution itself.
Grapefruit juice masks the bitter taste very well (especially if cold).
For CHRONIC diseases the standard treatment is one dose morning and evening for a long period (several months at least, but it can be continued for years).
In ACUTE diseases the dose is administered every 6 hours (every 3 hours the first two doses if the case is serious); then space every 8 hours and then 12 hours as improvement goes on. After recovery it’s better going on with a dose every 12 hours for some days.
As a PREVENTIVE measure, and as a magnesium supplement, one dose a day can be taken indefinitely. Magnesium Chloride, even if it’s an inorganic salt, is very well absorbed and it’s a very good supplemental magnesium source.
For INTRAVENOUS injection, the formula is:
Magnesium Chloride hexahydrate……………………25 grams
Distilled Water……………………………………………100 cc
Make injections of 10-20cc (very slowly, over 10-20 minutes) once or twice a day. Of course the solution must be sterilized.
This therapy gives very good results also in Veterinary Medicine, at the appropriate dosages depending upon the size and kind of animals.
Raul Vergini, M.D. – Italy – author of: “Curarsi con il Magnesio” Red Edizioni -Italy 1994. http://www.mgwater.com/vergini.shtml
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Magnesium Linked To Aging Mystery & Calcifications
Magnesium Linked To Aging Mystery & Calcifications
http://www.mgwater.com/agingcal.shtml
By Dr. H. Ray Evers
The average American consumes only 40 percent of the recommended daily allowance of magnesium. This has serious consequences, including death, in many people, according to magnesium expert Dr. Mildred Seelig. Eighty to 90 percent of the U.S. population is magnesium deficient.
Dr. John Prutting said in an issue of “Family Circle” that 70 percent of Americans had mismanaged their diets enough to have some degree of magnesium deficiency.
Magnesium activates 76 percent of the enzymes in the body according to Dr. Sonni Alvarez. Potassium is primarily concerned with the way we use calcium and sodium.
Every doctor knows about the dangers of potassium deficiency, but few recognize that almost half of the patients with a potassium deficiency will also be depleted of magnesium In fact, the low potassium state often cannot be easily corrected unless magnesium is also given.
Most mineral deficiencies stimulate an appetite for the deficient mineral, but there is no “specific appetite” for magnesium Although intravenous magnesium is the drug of choice at the onset of a heart attack, it is not mentioned in the section on arrhythmias in the 1989 “Compendium of Drug Therapy.”
Magnesium is useful in preventing unwanted calcification in the kidney, bladder and in the joints.
If a diet is high in phosphorus (common in many meat dishes as lunchmeats, hot dogs, etc. and also in soda drinks), the phosphate binds up the magnesium into magnesium phosphate, which isn’t absorbed. Thus, you need more magnesium for complete balance.
In disease and stress states, more magnesium is needed. If a person is using diuretics (water pills), he should make sure his magnesium intake is adequate. Potassium supplementation is usually needed also. The higher the protein you consumer the more magnesium is needed. When large amounts of calcium are consumed, you need more magnesium.
Rabbits just can’t take a high-cholesterol diet. Their blood fat level goes up, and they get severe arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis. However, if you feed them five times the recommended daily allowance of magnesium, their cholesterol goes down and they don’t get arteriosclerosis.
Magnesium is a very important ingredient of the green coloring matter in plants (chlorophyll). Magnesium helps in the use of fat in the diet. In many cases of individuals suffering from irritability, the blood has shown low values for magnesium.
Normal development apparently depends on the presence of magnesium. Approximately 70 percent of the magnesium in the body is found in the skeletal system. At least half of the magnesium in the body is combined with calcium and phosphorus in the bones. The remainder is in the muscles, red blood cells and the other tissues of the body.
Magnesium ensures the strength and firmness of the bones, and it makes the teeth harder. Adequate intake of magnesium counteracts acidity, poor circulation and glandular disorders. Children with magnesium deficiency are very often mentally backward.
Influences On Absorption
The absorption of magnesium from the intestines may be influenced by (1) the parathyroid hormone, (2) the condition of the intestines, (3) the rate of water absorption, and (4) the amounts of calcium, phosphate and lactose (milk sugar) in the body.
Recent studies have shown that magnesium deficiency is found in 25 percent of eating disorders, such as obesity and anorexia nervosa. Symptoms such as weakness, leg cramps, anxiety and confusion will often clear up with magnesium therapy. A magnesium deficiency in humans can occur in patients with diabetes, chronic diarrhea or vomiting.
Heart palpitations, “flutters” or racing heart, otherwise called arrhythmias, usually clear up quite dramatically on 500 milligrams of magnesium citrate (or aspartate) once or twice daily or faster if given intravenously.
The optimal daily requirement for children of 20 kilograms of body weight is 0.25 grams (a kilo is 1,000 grams, equal to 2.2046 lbs). A child of 20 kilos would weigh 44.09 lbs, and for an adult of 70 kilos the requirement is 0.35 grams. The recommended daily allowance is approximately 200 to 300 mg for men and 300 mg for women, although specific requirements depend upon body size.
High-Calcium Dangers
A diet which is high in calcium increases the body’s need for magnesium and also may increase the excretion of phosphorus and calcium; however, dietary intake of magnesium remains relatively low. The chemical reaction of magnesium is alkaline (acid binding). It regulates the acid-alkaline balance of the body.
Magnesium is one of the nutrients needed to lose weight. Undulant fever is said to clear up if above-adequate amounts of magnesium and manganese are given.
Without sufficient magnesium, one cannot control the adrenals, and this lack of control can result in diabetes, hyperexcitability, nervousness, mental confusion and difficulty coping with simple day-to-day problems. Depressed and suicidal people often display inadequate levels of magnesium.
Magnesium helps induce passage of nutrients in and out of cells and thus affects the life process. It also controls metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, resulting in more normal nutritional levels. Japanese investigators have discovered that magnesium will relieve asthmatic attacks. They give it intravenously for acute asthma and orally for prevention.
Human Cell’s Power Plant
The power plant of human cell is called the “mitochondrion.” The mitochondrion is what generates energy for the cell to use. What everyone refers to as “energy” is derived from the oxidative reduction of the cellular respiration. This is done through the mitochondria.
But the problem arises when the cell is low in magnesium, relative to calcium. Adenosine triphosphate, the “energy currency” of the cell, is magnesium dependent. This means it is obvious that the calcium pump at the cell membrane is also magnesium dependent.
Without enough “biologically available” magnesium, the cellular calcium pump slows down. Thus a vicious cycle is established. The low levels of available magnesium inhibit the generation of energy, and the low levels of energy inhibit the calcium pump.
The end result? The mitochondrion, the powerhouse of the cell and the entire body, becomes calcified. This is the beginning of aging. It all starts in the cell. First the cells age. This leads to organ aging. And after the organs age, individual aging occurs. Since calcium is readily accumulated by mitochondria, this ion is potentially capable of antagonizing the activating influence of magnesium on many intramitochondrial enzyme reactions.
This means that every function of your body can be inhibited when the mitochondria calcify. It’s like going through life with the emergency brakes on. Calcium is the brake. Magnesium is the accelerator. To be in optimal health, there must be a balance between the two.
Balance Is Key
Both minerals are vitally important, but there must be that critical balance.
Andre Voisin in his book “Soil, Grass and Cancer” wrote: “Calcium content cannot be considered separately without taking the other mineral elements into account. It is the equilibria, and not the individual elements, that govern the phenomena of life.” That’s the magic word – “equilibria.”
Everyone today is concerned with their chronological age. But they should be equally concerned with their “biological” age. The ratio of calcium to magnesium within your cells is your “biochemical age.”
Tragically, in many cases, children are now starting to show high cellular calcium levels. For many people, eating a diet high in calcium and low in magnesium amounts to “cellular suicide.”
Calcification can cause a thousand illnesses. As the body grows, the calcium migrates from the hard tissues (bones) to the soft tissues in your body. Few understand the full scope of this program. It is the most prevalent clinical finding in industrial cultures.
Where the calcium buildup occurs depends upon your individual biochemistry. Calcium deposits in the joints are called arthritis; in the blood vessels it is hardening of the arteries; in the heart it is heart disease, and in the brain it is senility.
The calcification process develops slowly. It occurs gradually over 10, 20, 30 years or more. It can begin in childhood. There is almost no soft tissue in your body that is immune from calcification, including your various glands.
All of this fits so well with my basic belief in medicine, which rests upon the word “balance” – mental, spiritual and physical balance. If we have perfect peace of mind and soul and eat a nutritional poison-free diet, we will have no disease, because, after all, each of us in a scientific sense, is a chemical factory.
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